A PIN is weak on purpose, and that is fine
Four digits give ten thousand possibilities. A laptop works through that in a fraction of a second. By the standards used for passwords, a PIN is indefensible — and yet PINs protect bank cards perfectly well, because the security is not in the number at all. It is in the card refusing a fourth wrong attempt.
That is worth understanding, because it tells you exactly when a PIN is safe and when it is not. Behind a chip that locks after three tries, four digits is enough. As the password on something an attacker can copy and attack offline at their leisure, it is no protection whatsoever.
| Digits | Combinations | Entropy |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | 10,000 | 13.3 bits |
| 6 | 1,000,000 | 19.9 bits |
| 8 | 100,000,000 | 26.6 bits |
| 12 | 1,000,000,000,000 | 39.9 bits |
Every extra digit multiplies the work by ten. Even so, twelve digits is still under 40 bits — less than a seven-character random password. Digits are simply a small alphabet.
Why we do not filter out the “bad” ones
Plenty of generators quietly skip 0000, 1234 and the other patterns that turn up at the top of every leaked-PIN list. It sounds sensible and it makes things slightly worse. Every PIN you remove is one an attacker no longer has to try, and the remaining ones each become a little more likely. A uniform draw is the strongest thing on offer.
The reason those PINs dominate the leak lists is not that random generators produce them too often. It is that people choose them. Choosing 1234 is a problem; being handed it by chance is not, though you are free to draw again.
Choosing a PIN you will remember
- Do not use a birthday, a year, or the last digits of your phone number. All of them are guessable from things people can find out about you.
- Do not reuse the same PIN on your phone, your card and your front door. One shoulder-surf then opens all three.
- Use the longest PIN the device accepts, not the shortest it allows.
- If you must write it down, write it somewhere unrelated to the thing it opens.